What is Sensory Processing Disorder and How Can O.T. Help?

Sensory Processing Disorder (SPD) is a condition that affects many people, yet it remains largely misunderstood. For those who have SPD, life can be difficult, as they may struggle with everyday tasks that most of us take for granted. However, with the right support and treatment, individuals with SPD can learn to cope and overcome their challenges. In this blog post, we will explore what SPD is, how it affects people, and how occupational therapy can help.

What is Sensory Processing Disorder?

SPD is a neurological condition that affects how the brain takes in, processes, and responds to sensory information. People with SPD may experience an overreaction or underreaction to certain sensory information, such as sounds, textures, smells, tastes, or movements. This can cause discomfort or distress, leading to anxiety, avoidance, or meltdowns. SPD can affect anyone, regardless of age, gender, or background. It is estimated that 1 in 20 children may have SPD, and it often coexists with other conditions such as autism, ADHD, or anxiety.

Symptoms of SPD vary depending on the type of sensory input affected. Some common signs of SPD include:

• Oversensitivity to certain sounds, such as loud noises, high-pitched tones, or specific frequencies.

• Under-sensitivity to certain sounds, such as soft voices, whispers, or environmental cues.

• Hypersensitivity to touch, such as clothing tags, seams, or fabrics, or avoidance of hugs or physical contact.

• Hyposensitivity to touch, such as seeking intense pressure, vibration, or texture, or difficulty with fine motor skills.

• Oversensitivity to visual stimuli, such as bright lights, flickering screens, or complex patterns.

• Undersensitivity to visual stimuli, such as low contrast, poor depth perception, or difficulty tracking moving objects.

• Oversensitivity to taste or smell, such as aversions to certain foods, textures, or smells, or gag reflexes.

• Under-sensitivity to taste or smell, such as seeking spicy or strong flavors, or difficulty with oral motor skills.

Diagnosing SPD can be challenging, as there is no specific test or criteria. It often requires a multidisciplinary approach, involving a pediatrician, an occupational therapist, and other specialists. A comprehensive evaluation may include medical history, developmental milestones, standardized assessments, parent and teacher questionnaires, and clinical observation. Early detection and intervention are key to addressing SPD effectively.

Occupational Therapy for Sensory Processing Disorder Occupational therapists are trained to help individuals with SPD overcome their sensory challenges and achieve their goals. Occupational therapy focuses on improving functional skills that are meaningful and relevant to the individual's daily life. This may include activities such as dressing, eating, playing, socializing, or learning. Occupational therapists use a holistic and client-centered approach, meaning they tailor their interventions to the individual's unique needs, preferences, and strengths.

Some common interventions used in occupational therapy for SPD include:

• Sensory integration therapy: A type of treatment that uses sensory-rich activities to help the brain reorganize and respond more appropriately to sensory input. This may involve swinging, jumping, climbing, spinning, or playing with different textures.

• Environmental modifications: Simple changes to the environment can make a big difference for someone with SPD. This may include reducing noise, providing headphones, adjusting lighting, or using fidget tools.

• Individualized sensory diets: A personalized plan of sensory activities that are designed to meet the individual's sensory needs and preferences. This may include specific exercises, routines, or equipment.

• Parent education and support: Parents and caregivers play a critical role in supporting children with SPD. Occupational therapists can provide education and resources to help parents understand their child's sensory profile, recognize triggers, and implement strategies at home or in the community.

Sensory Processing Disorder is a complex and challenging condition that affects many people. However, with the right support and treatment, individuals with SPD can learn to cope and thrive. Occupational therapy is a valuable and evidence-based treatment option for addressing sensory processing problems. If you or someone you know may have SPD, it is important to seek professional help and support. Together, we can raise awareness and understanding of SPD and promote inclusion and acceptance for all.

• References about Sensory Processing and SPD:

  • Bundy, A. C., Lane, S. J., & Murray, E. A. (2002). Sensory integration: Theory and practice. F. A. Davis Company.

  • Dunn, W. (2001). The sensations of everyday life: Empirical, theoretical, and pragmatic considerations. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 55(6), 608-620.

  • Huebner, R. A., & Dunn, W. (2016). Pediatric occupational therapy and sensory integration for children with autism spectrum disorders. Autism Spectrum Disorders-From Genes to Environment, InTech.

  • Miller-Kuhaneck, H., & Henry, D. A. (2014). Understanding sensory dysfunction: Learning, development and sensory dysfunction in autism spectrum disorders, ADHD, learning disabilities and bipolar disorder. Jessica Kingsley Publishers.

  • Parham, L. D., & Mailloux, Z. (2015). Sensory integration. In Case-Smith & O'Brien (Eds.), Occupational Therapy for Children and Adolescents (7th ed., pp. 261-282). Elsevier.

  • Schaaf, R. C., & Lane, S. J. (2015). Toward a best-practice protocol for assessment of sensory features in ASD. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 45(5), 1380-1395.